We have already discussed what the passive voice is. It’s where the object becomes the subject of the sentence, while the subject is then put in a propositional phrase (ablative of agent). However, the perfect passives do not use the normal passive endings of (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur). Instead, they use the “supine” or perfect passive participle, which is the fourth principle part of the verb. The supine or perfect passive participle, used by itself, is a verb used as an adjective. E.G. The warned man or the man, having been warned. It’s not just the man. It is the man who was warned. The having been warned is a verb which is modifying the noun Man. As an adjective, it will have to agree with the noun it is modifying in number, gender and case, as do all adjectives. But, if we add the forms of the verb “to be” to the supine, you then form the perfect passive system. All verbs are done this way regardless of which conjugation the verb may be in.
E.G.
Perfect Passive
Amatus, a, um sum I have been loved
Amatus, a, um es you have been loved
Amatus, a, um est he, she, it has been loved
Amati, ae, a sumus we have been loved
Amati, ae, a estis you have been loved
Amati, ae, a sunt they have been loved
Future Perfect Passive
Amatus, a, um ero I shall have been loved
Amatus, a, um eris you will have been loved
Amatus, a, um erit he, she, it will have been loved
Amati, ae, a erimus we shall have been loved
Amati, ae, a eritis you will have been loved
Amati, ae, a erunt they will have been loved
Pluperfect Passive
Amatus, a, um eram I had been loved
Amatus, a, um eras you had been loved
Amatus, a, um erat he, she, it had been loved
Amati, ae, a eramus we had been loved
Amati, ae, a eratis you had been loved
Amati, ae, a errant they had been loved
They are all formed in the same fashion. You go to the fourth principle part of the verb, know as the supine or the perfect passive participle and add the appropriate form of the verb “to be”. Also be sure that the supine agrees with the noun it is modifying in number gender and case.
So now let’s do a few.
Moneo monere monui monitus
Cupio cupere cupivi cupitus
Audio audire audivi auditus
Now for the interrogative pronoun. These are pronouns which introduce questions.
Who or what. These must merely be memorized.
Singular
Nom quis quid
Gen cuius cuius
Dat cui cui
Acc quem quid
Abl quo quo
Plural
Nom qui quae quae
Gen quorum quarum quorum
Dat quibus quibus quibus
Acc quos quas quae
Abl quibus quibus quibus
The latin interrogative (qui quae quod) asks for specific information about
a person or thing, like which book, what soldier, which girl. The interrogative
adjective in form is exactly the same as the relative pronoun.
If they are exactly the same, how then can you tell them apart?
You tell them apart by their functions. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses. Interrogatives ask questions. Usually the question mark (?) is the dead give away.
Now let’s go back to the workbook.