Welcome back to your adventure in discovering the Latin language. Today we’ll begin by examining the passive endings for the third and fourth conjugations. The rules for forming a passive in the third and fourth conjugation are basically the same as they were for the first and second conjugations. First and foremost, memorize the endings.
歡迎你們回到探索拉丁文的冒險之旅。今天首先我們要研究第三與第四類動詞變化的被動式字尾。基本上它的規則的與第一和第二類動詞相同，首先且首要的步驟就是記住以下詞尾變化：
They are:
Sing. Pl.
1st. -r -mur
2nd. -ris -mini
3rd. -tur -ntur
Once they have been committed to memory, they can then be utilized. Keep in mind that when we translate a verb into the passive voice in English, we have to add a form of the verb “to be” as well as making the verb itself past. Remember also, if the first person singular is an “o” then merely add the “r”. If however it ends in an “m” remove the “m” and then add the “r”. This will then be true for all the endings of the present, imperfect and future tenses. The only exception will be the second person singular of the third conjugation in the present tense. Instead of having “iris” as would be expected, it is changed to “eris”. I realize that it’s not much of a change, but it can catch on off guard and be easily forgotten. This little change can cause a small problem if we’re not observant. Why? Because the second person singular of the present tense passive will look very similar to the second person singular of the future tense passive. The only distinguishing characteristic will be the long mark over the “e” in the future, which will not be present in the present tense. So it’s advisable for one to be cautious when translating. Also remember that context will play an important part in your translating.
一但將它們納入記憶中就可以加以應用。記住當我們把被動式的動詞翻成英文時，我們在把動詞本身轉為被動的同時也必須加入Be動詞的形式。此外，如果原本第一人稱單數的動詞僅以o結尾，直接加上r即可；如果它是以m結尾，那就得先拿掉m再加上r。這對所有的現在式、未完成式與未來式均適用。唯一的例外是第三類動詞現在式的第二人稱單數：或許你會期待-iris，但它的字尾卻變為-eris。也許這不算是個大改變，但有時很容易被疏忽遺忘而造成麻煩。因為如此一來，現在式被動的第二人稱單數會與未來式被動的第二人稱單數長得很像。唯一的標示是在未來式中的ē有長音符號，而現在式沒有。所以在翻譯時要提醒你們多加注意，也請記住前後文意會有舉足輕重的份量。
Passive Infinitives:
On the last day of our first semester, I mentioned the passive infinitives for the first and second conjugations. I told you that you could make them passive by merely changing the final “e” to an “i”. So instead of having “amare = to love” we would have “amari = to be loved”; instead of “tenere = to hold” we would have “teneri to be held” It’s not all that difficult in the first and second conjugations. The same also holds true for the fourth conjugation. To make a fourth conjugation verb passive, we only have to change the final “e” to an “i”. So “audire = to hear” will become “audiri =to be heard”.
在上學期的最後一天我有提到第一類與第二類動詞的被動不定詞，我說過只要將不定詞最後的e改成i，就可以將它們轉為被動。所以相對於amare （愛）而有amari（被愛），相對於tenere（持握）而有teneri（被持握）。這對第四類動詞變化仍然適用，因此audire（聽見） 會轉為audiri（被聽見）。
But you guessed it; the third conjugation has to throw a monkey wrench into this pattern to make it more complicated. The Romans couldn’t just leave well enough alone and merely change the final “e” of the third conjugation to an “i”. Instead, they insisted on changing the entire “ere” to an “i”. Therefore in the third conjugation, one would not have “cuperi” as one would expect, since that’s what we do in the other conjugation. Instead, we have “cupi =to be wanted”. The only saving feature of this quagmire of passive infinitives is that we don’t see them all that often.
不過就像你已經猜到的，第三類動詞變化阻撓了這個模式的運作並使其更加複雜。羅馬人無法只是任由第三類動詞將e 改為i，而堅持要讓整個ere改成i。因此在第三類動詞中，cuperi並未如預期一般出現，而以cupi（被想要）的形式出現。唯一令人安心的是這些令人困擾的被動是不定詞並不常見。
Now, let’s turn to chapter 21 and look at the vocabulary.