Today, we want to look at participles. Participles are verb which are used as adjectives. In Latin, there are four types of participles. Two, happen to be in the active voice, and two happen to be in the passive voice.
今天我們要學習分詞（participles）。分詞是作為形容詞使用的動詞。拉丁文中有四種分詞，其中兩種為主動語態，兩種為被動語態。
The first participle is called the present active participle; the second is called the perfect passive participle; the third is the future active participle; the last is the future passive participle or gerundive. The present participle and the gerundive use the present stem to be formed. They go to the infinitive, drop the “re”, and then add the appropriate ending. The perfect passive participle is the fourth part of the verb. And the future active is also formed on the fourth principle part of the verb.
拉丁文中的四 種 分詞：
1.現在主動分詞（the present active participle）：據現在根（the present stem）而變化，取不定詞，去-re，加上適合的字尾。
2.完成被動分詞（the perfect passive participle）：此為動詞第四主要部分。
3.未來主動分詞（the future active participle）：根據動詞第四主要部分而變化。
4.未來被動分詞（future passive participle or gerundive）：據現在根（the present stem）而變化，取不定詞，去-re，加上適合的字尾。
Let’s look at each and how they are formed.
To form the present active participle, go to the infinitive or second principle part, and remove the “re”. Then add “ns” for the nominative and “ntis” for the genitive. So the verb “amo amare”, will have as its present active participle “ amans amantis”. The present participle active uses the third declension endings. So we have:
現在主動分詞（the present active participle）形成法：1. 取不定詞（即動詞第二主要部分），去-re。
2. 加上字尾 “ns” 形成主格，加上字尾“ntis” 形成所有格。
因之動詞“amo amare”的現在主動分詞為“ amans amantis”。 現在主動分詞取用第三類名詞（形容詞）變化字尾，變化如下：
現在主動分詞
M & F N
Nom: agens agentes agens agentia
Gen: agentis agentium agentis agentium
Dat: agenti agentibus agenti agentibus
Acc: agentem agents agens agentia
Abl agente or ti agentibus agenti or te agentibus
未來被動分詞
Nom: agendus agenda agendum agendi agendae agenda
Gen: agendi agendae agenda agendorum agendarum agendorum
Dat agendo agendae agendo agendis agendis agendis
Acc agendum agendam agendum agendos agendas agenda
Abl agendo agenda agendum agendis agendis agendas
完成被動分詞
Nom: actus acta actum acti actae acta
Gen: acti actae acti actorum actorarum actorum
Dat: acto actae acto actis actis actis
Acc: actum actam actum actos actas actos
Abl: acto acta acto actis actis actis
未來主動分詞
Nom: acturus actura acturm acturi acturae actura
Gen: acturi acturae acturi acturorum acturarum acturorum
Dat: acturo acturae acturo acturis acturis acturis
Acc: acturum acturam acturum acturos acturas actura
Abl: acturo actura acturo acturis acturis acturis
Note that “io” verbs in the third conjugation will have a variation, an “ie” instead of “e” in the present participle and future passive participle.
注意：第三類動詞變化的“io”類動詞變化有異，現在主動分詞和未來被動分詞取用“ie”，而非“e”。
The two forms most commonly used are the present active participle and the perfect passive participle. The future active and passive participles, although they exist, are not as commonly used as the first two mentioned.
最常使用的兩種形式為現在主動分詞和完成被動分詞。未來主動分詞和未來被動分詞則較少使用。
Participles, as I mentioned earlier are verbs used as adjectives. This gives these unique words both the characteristics of an adjective as well as a verb. Since a participle is an adjective, it them must agree with the noun or pronoun it is modifying as all adjectives do. It must agree in number, gender and case. However, a participle is still a verb. As such it also retains all of the rights of a verb. It can be modified by adverbs, take a direct and indirect object.
如同先前提過，分詞是作為形容詞使用的動詞；因之，分詞具有形容詞的特徵也具有動詞的特徵。分詞是形容詞，因之得和其所修飾的名詞於數、性、格皆一致。然而，分詞畢竟還是動詞，仍保留動詞的所有權力。我們可用副詞修飾分詞，分詞也可以有直接受詞和間接受詞。
E.G. Watching the king in the road, the men tried to kill him. Spectanti regem in via, viri eum necare temptaverunt.
The participial constructions are employed much more in Latin than they are in English. In addition, when translating participial expression, the use of idiomatic expression of English may allow the sentence to flow more smoothly. So, although the translation of the above example is correct, so would be the following:
拉丁文較英文有更多使用分詞結構的句子。翻譯分詞用語時，若能取用英文片語，句子將更為流暢。第 一個英譯句無誤，第二個英譯句亦正確。
例：拉丁句：Spectanti regem in via, viri eum necare temptaverunt.
英譯句1：Watching the king in the road, the men tried to kill him.
英譯句2：After watching the king on the road, the men attempted to assassinate him.
After watching the king on the road, the men attempted to assassinate him. There are more examples in your text. Now let’s return to your text.