Some of you may recall that in the first semester, I told you that instead of memorizing just more endings, that the second semester would afford you an opportunity to learn various constructions. Being a man true to my word, today we’ll look at two such constructions, the ablative absolute and the passive periphrastic; as well as the dative of agent.
或許你們還記得我上學期說過，在第二學期你們會有機會學習不同的結構，而不再只是背詞尾變化。身為言而有信之人，今天我要介紹獨立從格和迂說被動這兩種結構，以及施事予格（間接受格）的用法。
The ablative absolute is a relative simple construction to understand. The ablative absolute construction is comprised of a noun or pronoun in the ablative case beginning the clause and a perfect passive participle agreeing in number gender and case at the end of the clause. The clause is a self-contained entity, and is usually separated from the main sentence by comma(s). The clause itself will describe some general condition or circumstance by which the main clause has occurred.
獨立從格的結構相比之下較容易了解，由一從格形式的名詞或代名詞放在某短語開頭，以及一個與其性、數、格一致的過去［被動］分詞放在短語結尾所形成。此短語是個別獨立的整體，與主句之間常以逗號相隔，用來描述主句發生的總體條件或週遭狀況。
E.G.
Caesare in via viso, hostes fugerunt.
The easiest way to translate an ablative absolute construction is to begin with the noun in the ablative case followed by the perfect passive participle. Literally this would then be: Caesar having been seen. At this point, you could add any adverbial modifiers or prepositional phrases, followed by the main clause. This would result in the following sentence. Caesar having been seen on the road, the enemy fled. Although the sentence may sound stilted, it is correct. To aid in the flow of the English sounding sentence, logical conjunctions may be supplied, such as when, while, during, after. Context and content will help determine the proper conjunction to be used.
要翻譯獨立從格最簡單的方法就是以置於從格的名詞起頭，後面接過去分詞。就字面上可以翻成「凱薩被看見後」，我們可以在此加上任何副詞修飾語或介係詞片語。因此我們可以得到「凱薩於路上被見到，敵人逃竄」的句子，儘管聽起來有些笨拙，它卻是正確的。為了讓句子更加順暢，可以使用when, while, during, after等合乎句子邏輯的連接詞。所以我們可以下列方式翻譯：
So the above sentence may be also translated:
1. After Caesar had been seen on the road, the enemy fled.
2. While Caesar had been seen on the road, the enemy fled.
3. Although Caesar had been seen on the road, the enemy fled.
Context will play an important part for the translation.
前後文對於翻譯會扮演重要的角色。
This is nothing more than a very fancy word for a simple concept. All it means is a “roundabout way of saying something”. A passive periphrastic is nothing more than the gerundive + the verb sum. It usually connotes the idea of necessity or obligation, rather than merely something occurring in the future.
迂說只是一個簡單概念所用的花俏名稱，表示以迂迴方式說明某事的概念。迂說被動不過是動名詞加上動詞的總和，常隱含必須、必要性的概念，而不僅是在未來發生的某事。
E.G. Caesar laudandus est.
Caesar ought to be praised or Caesar should be praised.
Some common English expression used to translate a periphrastic construction are: Has to be, had to be, should, ought, must. So it’s not really all that difficult a construction to learn.
用來翻譯迂說結構常見的英文用語還有has to be, had to be, should, ought, must。因此這種結構並不是真的如此難以理解。
Finally, let’s look at the Dative of agent today. Instead of the ablative of agent, with periphrastic constructions, the dative of agent is used. Most of the time, a periphrastic construction with a dative of agent will be very cumbersome to translate in to English. Therefore I would suggest that you simply translate the construction as if it were active instead of passive.
最後我們來看施事予格（間接受格），在迂說結構中我們不用施事從格而使用予格。大多數情況下，有施事予格的迂說結構要翻譯成英文時會變得很累贅；因此我會建議你們將其結構當作主動而非被動來翻譯。
E.G. Latina mihi magna cum cura studienda erit.
Literally, the sentence says: Latin will have to be studied by me with great care. Instead, try something like this: I should diligently study Latin . It just sounds better in the English language.
例句中mihi為施事予格，就字面上來說此句的意思是「拉丁文必須會被我以極大努力學習」。試著用類似「我應該努力學習拉丁文」的句子，聽起來比較順。
These are just a few of the many constructions you will learn this semester as you continue your adventure of the Latin language. Now let’s return to the book.
這些只是你們在本學期繼續你們的拉丁文探險時，所會學習到的許多結構中的幾種用法。