《第二十五章》
Today we are going to look at Infinitives (active and passive) as well as their use in Indirect Address..
不定式(包括主動語態與被動語態)及其在間接陳述中的用法
不定式
We have already familiarized ourselves with a few of the infinites: the present active and the present passive infinitives. The present active infinitives are the second form of the verb which we learn as vocabulary. They will end in either –are, -long -ere, short –ere, or an –ire. There passive forms are: -ari, eri, i and iri. The active was translated with “to plus the verb”; such as to love, to praise, to lead or to call. The passive was translated with “to plus a form of the verb to be and the verb in the past tense (譯註past participle?)”; such as to be loved, to be praised, to be led, to be called. Transitive verb usually have six (6) infinitives. Three are active and three are passive. Intransitive verbs normally do not have a passive form. Therefore they only have the three active forms. In addition, future infinites, although they exist, are quite rare.
我們已學過現在不定式的主動與被動。現在不定式的主動形即是動詞的第二主要部份，詞尾為-are、長音-ere、短音-ere、或-ire其中之一。被動形詞尾為-ari、-eri、-i、iri。主動形翻譯成英文時為「to + 動詞原形」，例如to love, to praise, to lead, to call。被動形翻譯成英文時為「to + be +動詞的過去分詞」，例如 to be loved, to be praised, to be led, to be called。及物動詞通常有六個不定式，其中三個為主動、三個為被動。不及物動詞通常沒有被動形，只有三個主動形。未來不定式很少見。
How do we form the infinitives?
如何構成不定式?
Active 主動 Passive 被動
Present 現在式: are, ere, ere, ire ari, eri, I, iri
Perfect完成式: Perfect stem + isse Perfect passive participle + esse
Future未來式: Future active participle + esse supine in “um” + iri
不定式的翻譯
Active 主動 Passive被動
Present現在式: amare = to love amari = to be loved
Perfect完成式: amavisse = to have loved amatus esse =to have been loved
Future未來式: amaturus esse = to be about to love amatum iri = to be about to be loved
In translations the perfect and future infinitives are seldom translated literally.
翻譯完成和未來不定式時很少採用直譯
How do we use infinitives? 如何使用不定式?
1. They can be used as a subject of a sentence. To play is fun. When we use in
infinitive as the subject, its gender is then considered neuter.
當做句子的主詞，視為中性名詞。
2. We can use an infinitive as a complementary infinitive. It will occur after
verbs such as possum, debeo, jussit. The infinitive is used to complete the
thought of the verb. E.G. ire possunt (they can go); dare debent ( they ought
to give).
與possum、debeo、jussit等動詞連用，當做這些動詞的補語。例如ire
possunt (they can go); dare debent ( they ought to give)
3. The accusative and the infinitive construction. It’s used after certain verb
which we’ll learn later. To order is such a verb. E.G. He ordered her to go.
Jussit eam exire. The first accusative is the subject of the infinitive.
在動詞(如order)之後，與accusative直接受詞連用。例如He ordered her
to go. Jussit eam exire. 直接受詞eam為不定式exire的主詞。
4. But the most common form of the infinitive use is the indirect address.
Indirect address is when the speaker refers to what someone else said, instead
of they themselves making a statement. E.G. “you are great students”, the
teacher said. This is an example of Direct Address. The direct address is in
quotes. Indirect Address does not use quotes and refers to what someone
else says. E.G. The teacher said that the students are great.
最常見的用法是間接陳述，是指說話者提及他人所做的陳述，而非說話
者本身所做的陳述。例如“you are great students”, the teacher said. 是直接
陳述。間接陳述並非引述，而是提及他人所做的陳述，例如The teacher
said that the students are great.
In the case of the Direct Address, Latin words such as inquit, aiunt are used for said. For indirect address the verb dico us usually used followed by a double accusative and the infinitive construction. In fact sometimes the indirect address is referred to as the double accusative and infinitive construction. The first accusative will be the subject of the infinitive while the second accusative will be the object of the infinitive, hence the name double accusative and the infinitive.
直接陳述常用到inquit、aiunt，表示『說』。間接陳述則常用dico後跟著「雙直接受詞+不定式」的句構。第一個直接受詞是不定式的主詞，第二個直接受詞是不定式的受詞，因此稱為「雙直接受詞+不定式」。
E.G. 例如 The teacher said that the girl is good. Magister inquit puellam bonam esse. (譯註:本例句只有一個直接受詞puellam)
With indirect address as well as the subjective mood which we will learn later, you want to think of the tense of the verb as a time factor rather than an actual tense of a verb.
在間接陳述和稍後將學到的假設語氣中，「時式」(tense)指涉的是時間因素，而非動詞真正的時式。
Time Sequence of Infinitives
不定式的時序
Present infinitive means the action is going on at the same time.
現在不定式表示動作與主要動詞同時發生。
Perfect infinitive means the action happed before the main verb.
完成不定式表示動作發生於主要動詞之前。
Future infinitive means the action will happen after the main verb.
未來不定式表示動作發生於主要動詞之後。
So this means that you look at the main verb and then translate the infinitive accordingly. Please refer to your text for various examples of these time sequence translations.
也就是說，翻譯時要先看主要動詞，並按時序翻譯不定式。請參見課本例句。
Now let’s return to our text.