《第二十八章》假設語氣現在式、祈使句、表示目的的子句
Now we begin the fun part. Learning the subjunctive. There are many forms of the subjunctive. Today we want to look at the present subjunctive, as well as two of its uses, Jussive and purpose clauses.
假設語氣的句型很多，這一章介紹假設語氣現在式、祈使句、表示目的的子句。
The subjunctive mood expresses potentiality, the hypothetical, ideals or sometimes unreal situation. Latin uses the subjunctive much more that does the English language. To express the subjunctive, English uses such words as would, should, may, might, may have, might have. One of the most difficult aspect of the subjunctive is recognizing it in a sentence. Some are very easy to recognize; others are much more difficult. Some will be seen very often, others much less frequently. Here are a few of the uses of the subjunctive in Latin: Jussive, purpose clauses, result clauses, indirect questions, Cum clauses, proviso clauses, conditions, fear clauses.
假設語氣表達的是潛在可能性、假設、理想、甚至不真實的情況。拉丁文使用假設語氣的情況遠比英文來得多。英文用would, should, may, might, may have, might have等詞表示假設語氣。假設語氣最困難的地方，就是要在句子中辨認出來。有些很容易辨認，有些困難得多。有些很常見，有些則否。以下是一些拉丁文中的假設用法：祈使句、表示目的的子句、表示結果的子句、間接問句、以cum開始的子句、表示前提的子句、條件、表示恐怕發生的子句。
Present Subjunctive假設語氣現在式:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th io in 3rd
Amem habeam dicam iam cupiam
Ames habeas dicas ias cupias
Amet habeat dicat iat cupiat
Amemus habeamus dicamus iamus cupiamus
Ametis habeatis dicatis iatis cupiatis
Ament habeant dicant iant cupiant
Notice in the first conjugation you change the characteristic “a” to an “e”. For the other conjugations you merely add am, as, at etc. to the stem as usual. Sometimes you may mistake the subjunctive for a present tense. You may also mistake a future 1st person singular for a 1st person singular subjunctive. So be careful
注意第一類動詞特有的a改為e，其他類動詞只要在詞幹後加am, as, at等。有時可能會把假設語氣現在式誤認為直說語氣現在式，也可能把第一人稱單數未來簡單式誤認為第一人稱單數假設語氣現在式，所以要多加留意。
To form a passive, merely remove the endings as usual and replace them with the passive endings. That is rather straight forward.
假設語氣現在式被動形的構成，只要去掉原來的詞尾，加上被動的詞尾即可。
Now that we know how to form them, let look at how we can use them. The first we want to look at is called the Jussive subjunctive. Jussive comes from the Latin word Jubeo jubere jussi jussum to order. It differs from the imperative by being less commanding. Usually the sentence, in English, will begin with the word “let”. Also the subject is usually translated as an object. These commands are usually in either the first or third person, while the imperative is in the second. E.G. Let them eat cake. Let him go home. domum iat. Incidently, the negative of a jussive subjunctive is “ne” not “non”. So when you see the negative “ne” look for a subjunctive. Unfortunately, the positive isn’t as easy to recognize.
這種句型因拉丁文動詞Jubeo jubere jussi jussum (to order命令)而得名。祈使句的命令意味比命令句低。英文中祈使句通常以let開始。在翻譯時，拉丁文原句的主詞常是英文句裡的受詞。祈使句通常用第一或第三人稱，而命令句常用第二人稱。例如：Let them eat cake. Let him go home. domum iat. 此外，祈使假設句的否定用ne，不用non。所以，看到表示否定的ne時，就知道是假設句。肯定陳述就不這麼容易辨認。
Now purpose clauses are much easier to recognize in Latin. The are also used much more than the Jussive subjunctive. To begin, a purpose clause is a subordinate clause. This means it can’t stand alone, but relies on a main sentence. A purpose clause expresses exactly what its name implies. It expresses the purpose. In English, we usually express purpose with an infinitive. E.G. I went to the store to buy milk. What you are really saying is this: I went to the store for the purpose of buying milk. For the purpose of buying milk is the purpose clause. （譯註：英文文法上clause指的是主詞加動詞的句構，因此 “For the purpose of buying milk” 嚴格說來應為phrase「片語」而非clause「子句」） Notice I went to the store is a complete thought. It can stand alone. For the purpose of buying milk, This clause needs more information to make sense. It is subordinate or dependent of something else, a main clause.
拉丁文中表示目的的子句比較容易辨認，也比祈使假設句常用。首先，表示目的的子句是附屬子句，意思就是它不能獨立存在，必須依附在主要子句上。英文裡常用不定式表示目的，例如：I went to the store. 含意是：I went to the store for the purpose of buying milk. “For the purpose of buying milk”表示目的。注意 “I went to the store” 是完整的意念，可以獨立存在，而 “for the purpose of buying milk”這個片語需要更多資訊意義才完整，也就是說它依附於主要子句。
Purpose clauses are introduced by “ut” if the sentence is positive, and “ne” if negative. （譯註：拉丁文的purpose clause「表示目的的子句」確實為主詞加動詞的句構，因此稱為clause「子句」沒有疑義） The “ut” can be translate “in order to” and “ne” as “lest”, which means “in order not to”
表示目的的子句，肯定陳述以ut引介，否定陳述以ne引介。ut翻譯為in order to（為了），ne翻譯為lest （以免），意思是「為了不」。
E.G. 例如
Is venit ut magistrem adjuvet. He came in order to help the teacher.
He came so that he could help the teacher
He came to help the teacher.
Is exit ne magistrem adjuvet. He left lest he help the teacher.
He left so that he couldn’t help the teacher.
He left so that he wouldn’t have to help the teacher.
All the above translations are correct. Purpose clauses are introduced by “ut” or “ne” and end with the subjunctive form of the verb. This clause should not be difficult to recognize and this is good. Why? Because it is used quite a bit in Latin.
以上翻譯都正確。表示目的的子句以ut或ne引介，包含假設語氣的動詞。這種句型應當不難辨認。幸虧如此。為什麼？因為這種句型在拉丁文中很常見。
Now let’s return to our text.