第二十九章：假設語氣未完成式、sum 和 possum的假設語氣現在式和假設語氣未完成式、目的子句和結果子句之差異
In this session, we will examine the subjunctive mood a little more in depth. We will delve into the imperfect subjunctive as well as look at the present and imperfect subjunctive moods of the verbs, sum and possum. Finally, we will consider a result clause and differentiate from a purpose clause. So let’s begin.
本章要學習假設語氣未完成式、sum 和 possum的假設語氣現在式和假設語氣未完成式、目的子句和結果子句之差異。
The imperfect subjunctive is a verb which is easily recognized as well as easy to form. You simple go to the infinitive, the second principle part of the verb, and add your endings.
假設語氣未完成式動詞（the imperfect subjunctive verb）形成法：取不定詞，此即是動詞第二主要部分，再加上人稱字尾。
E. G.
Amarem amaremus haberem haberemus ducerem duceremus
Amares amaretis haberes haberetis duceres duceretis
Amaret amarent haberet haberent duceret ducerent
Audirem audiremus cuperem cuperemus
Audires audiretis cuperes cuperetis
Audiret audirent cuperet cuperent
So as you can notice, the imperfect subjunctive is consistent, easy to form, and recognizable.
The passive form of the imperfect subjunctive is just as easy to form and recognize. As with all passives, merely replace with the passive endings.
假設語氣未完成式動詞被動式（The passive form of the imperfect subjunctive）形成法：以被動式人稱字尾（the passive endings）取代主動式人稱字尾（the active endings）
Amarer amaremur haberer haberemus ducerer duceremur
Amareris amaremini habereris haberemini ducereris duceremini
Amaretur amarentur haberetur haberentur duceretur ducerentur
Audirer audiremur cuperer cuperemur
Audireris audiremini cupereris cuperemini
Audiretur audirentur cuperetur cuperentur
The imperfect subjunctive is used in purpose and result clauses. The imperfect subjunctive must be viewed a little different than other tenses. Instead of considering the imperfect tense as a specific tense, consider it as a time reference. The imperfect subjunctive implies that the time of the subordinate clause is going on at the same time as the main verb. So, if the main verb is in the present tense, the imperfect tense will be translated as a present. If the main verb is in the past tense, the imperfect will be translated as a past. If the main verb is future, then the imperfect will be translated in the future. So the imperfect is again not so much a specific tense as it is an indicator of a time relationship.
假設語氣未完成式動詞用於目的子句和結果子句。假設語氣未完成式動詞和其他時式稍有不同。我們最好不要將未完成式視為一具體時式，而是視之為一參考性質的時間座標。假設語氣未完成式動詞意謂附屬子句動作發生的時間和主要子句動作發生的時間相同，亦即是附屬子句的動作和主要子句的動作同時發生。（拉丁文）主要子句的動詞為現在式，則（拉丁文）附屬子句的未完成式動詞要譯成英文的現在式。（拉丁文）主要子句的動詞為過去式，則（拉丁文）附屬子句的未完成式動詞要譯成英文的過去式。（拉丁文）主要子句的動詞為未來式，則（拉丁文）附屬子句的未完成式動詞要譯成英文的未來式。因之，與其說拉丁文的假設語氣未完成式動詞表示某一個別時態，倒不如說表示和主要子句動詞的時間關係。
Now for the present subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive forms of the verb “sum and possum”
sum 和 possum的假設語氣現在式和假設語氣未完成式
Sum esse fui futures = to be
Present tense Imperfect
1st sim simus essem essemus
2nd sis sitis esses essetis
3rd sit sint esset essent
1st possim possimus possem possemus
2nd possis possitis posses possetis
3rd posit possint posset possent
These must merely be memorized. 以上要熟背。
In our previous session, we talked about the purpose clause. The purpose clause is a subordinate clause which begins with ut or ne and ends with a subjunctive. The subordinate clause is used to explain why something is done.
前章（第二十八章）講述目的子句，目的子句是以 ut 或 ne 起首、動詞用假設語氣的附屬子句。表示目的的附屬子句用來解釋為何要做某事。
Result clauses are also subordinate clauses. But instead of expressing why something is done, they express what the result or outcome of the main verb will be. E.G. It rained so hard that the roads flooded. Usually the main sentence will contain words such as: tam ita, sic, or tantus. A negative sentence will contain the following words: non, nihil, nemo, numquam, nullus. Also instead of “ne” introducing a negative result clause, non will be used as it was in the indicative mood.
結果子句亦是附屬子句。目的子句說明為何要做某事，結果子句則說明主要子句動詞造成的結果，例如：It rained so hard that the roads flooded. 下大雨的結果造成馬路淹水。通常在主要子句會出現tam ita, sic, 或 tantus 。在表示否定的附屬結果子句會有non, nihil, nemo, numquam, nullus 等字眼。我們用 ne 表示否定的目的子句，卻用 non 來表示否定的結果子句。
E.G.
Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. (result) He did such things that he saved the city.
Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. (purpose) He did such things to save the city.
Tanta fecit ut urbem non servaret. (result) He did such things that he did not save the city.
Haec fecit ne urbem servaret. (purpose) he did such things in order not to save the city.
例：1.結果子句： Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret. (ut)
英譯：He did such things that he saved the city.
中譯：他做了這些事，以致（結果）他拯救了這個城市。（such…that，如此……以致於）
2.目的子句：Haec fecit ut urbem servaret. (ut)
英譯：He did such things to save the city.
中譯：他做了這些事，為的是要拯救這個城市。（to， in order to，為了要）
3. 結果子句：Tanta fecit ut urbem non servaret. (ut…non)
英譯：He did such things that he did not save the city.
4 目的子句：Haec fecit ne urbem servaret. (ne)
英譯：He did such things in order not to save the city
Now lets turn to our text.