《第三十一章》cum ；不規則動詞

Up to now you have seen the Latin word “Cum” used quite a bit as a preposition, meaning with. Well “Cum” can also be used as a conjunction.  “Cum” will be translated as “when, since, although, while.  Cum clauses can take either an indicative verb or a subjunctive verb.  Well what’s the difference?  The indicative form is used when one is indicating a precise time of some action.  The subjunctive is used when there is a general circumstance instead of an exact time. 

之前我們已學到cum當做介詞（或稱前置詞），意指with（與、和、同）的用法。現在介紹cum當做連接詞，意指when, since, although, while (當……時、既然、雖然) 的用法。以cum引介的子句，動詞可能用直說語氣(indicative)，也可能用假設語氣(subjunctive)。差別在於表明某一動作發生的特定時間時，用直說語氣動詞；表明某一動作發生的一般情況而非特定時間，則用假設語氣動詞。

E.G.例如

When he speaks you will know him.

Cum dicit eum cognosces.         Temporal Clause  （表明時間的子句）

After he had learned the Latin, he could help you.

Cum Latinam didicisset, te adjuvare potuit.  Circumstantial  （表明情況的子句）

Cum + a subjunctive can be used to: cum + 假設語氣動詞可用於：

1.      express circumstantial one issued dependent on the other

？

2.      express cause.  Because of this or that, this can occur.  (E.G. Since he knew the weather report, he brought his umbrella.)

表明原因。因為這或那，如此情況會發生。（例如：既然他知道氣象預報，便隨身帶了雨傘。）

3.      express adversive.  Even though this, the opposite occurred.  (E.G.  Even though he loved Jane, he married Mary.)

表明讓步。雖然如此，相反的情況還是發生了。（例如：雖然他愛的是珍，他還是娶了瑪莉。）

Remember if you see CUM and it is followed immediately by a noun or pronoun in the ablative case it will be translated as the preposition With.  Otherwise if the clause has an indicative verb, it expresses time in some manner.  If the verb is subjunctive, then the subordinate clause will express cause, adversiveness or circumstantialness.

切記如果cum後緊跟著名詞或代名詞的從格，這時cum就是介詞，意為with。如果cum引介出帶有直說語氣動詞的子句，這時cum表明時間。如果cum引介出帶有假設語氣動詞的子句，這個子句表明的是原因，讓步、或者情況。

Irregular Verbs 不規則動詞

Now we want to look at some common but irregular verbs.  These must be memorized, because if not, they will be difficult to find in dictionary for meaning or they are just irregular in formation.

因為不規則動詞不易從字典中查出詞義，形式構成也無定法，學習時必須靠記憶。

The verbs are: 常見不規則動詞如下：

fero, ferre tuli latus   to bear or carry （忍受、承擔、攜帶）

volo velle volui           to wish （意欲）

nolo nolle nolui          to not want  （不欲）

malo malle malui       to prefer （偏愛）

fio fiere factus sum    to become （變成）

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fero, ferre, tuli, latus  忍受、承擔、攜帶

Present Indicative  直說語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Indicative直說語氣未完成式

Future Indicative 直說語氣未來簡單式

The perfect indicative is normal.

直說語氣完成式依一般規則變化。

Present Subjunctive 假設語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Subjunctive假設語氣未完成式

Again the perfect is normal

完成式依一般規則變化。

volo, velle, volui  意欲

Present Indicative 直說語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Indicative直說語氣未完成式

Future Indicative直說語氣未來簡單式

Again the perfects are normal.

直說語氣完成式依一般規則變化。

Present Subjunctive假設語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Subjunctive  假設語氣未完成式

Again the perfects are regular

假設語氣完成式依一般規則變化。

nolo, nolle, nolui   不欲

Present Indicative 直說語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Indicative直說語氣未完成式

Future Indicative直說語氣未來簡單式

Again the perfects are normal.

直說語氣完成式依一般規則變化。

Present Subjunctive假設語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Subjunctive  假設語氣未完成式

Again the perfects are regular

假設語氣完成式依一般規則變化。

malo, malle, malui   偏愛

Present Indicative 直說語氣現在簡單式

Imperfect Indicative直說語氣未完成式

Future Indicative直說語氣未來簡單式