第三十二章：副詞、動詞 volo, malo, nolo、前提子句（proviso clauses）
Now let’s have a slight change of pace and look at how we make adverbs out of adjectives. We’ll also look at the verbs volo, malo, nolo as well as proviso clauses.
So let’s begin.
本章要學習如何從形容詞變化出副詞、動詞volo, malo, nolo 以及表前提的子句（proviso clauses）。
In English, most not all adverbs are formed from adjectives. Simply the letters “ly” are added to the adjective to form the adverb. Clear becomes clearly; recent becomes recently; free becomes freely and so on. Again this is true for most adjectives not all adjectives. Some are just irregular and have to be memorized.
英文中，副詞大部分由形容詞變化而來，我們在形容詞字尾加上“ly” 變成副詞，clear 變成clearly，recent 變成 recently，free 變成 freely。此一規則適用於大部分的形容詞。有一些不規則變化則需要硬記。
Well for the regular adjectives, how do we make adverbs out of them in Latin. For the base form it’s quite simple. You merely take the stem of the adjective, that is remove the genitive singular ending and add the letter “e”. Hence you have clare from clarus meaning clearly. To make the comparative form of the adverb, form the comparative form of the adjective. Again, you do this by finding the base of the adjective and add “ior” for the masculine and feminine and “ius” for the neuter. So clarus becomes clarior clarius. This is the comparative adjective. To form the comparative adverb, simply use the comparative neuter form of the adjective. In this case, it would be “clarius” meaning more clearly. Finally to form the superlative form of the adverb, first form the superlative form of the adjective. Remember it’s done by going to the stem of the adjective and normally adding issimus a um. Do remember that there were some exceptions like difficillimus and pulcherrimus. Again find the stem of the superlative adjective and add an “e” . So clarissimus will become clarissime; difficillimus will become difficillime and so on. It’s really not difficult.
拉丁文規則形容詞變為副詞的方法：1. 取形容詞的根式（the stem of the adjective），此為去形容詞所有格單數字尾（genitive singular ending），然後加上 “e”。因之，形容詞clarus 變為副詞clare，意為 clearly（清楚地）。
副詞比較級形成法：1. 取形容詞原級，將其變為比較級。此即是取形容詞根式，加上 “ior” 形成陽性及陰性的比較級，加上 “ius”形成中性的比較級。因之，形容詞原級 clarus變成比較級clarior clarius。我們單純取用形容詞中性比較級來形成副詞的比較級，因之， clarius 意為 more clearly （比較清楚地）。
副詞最高級形成法：1. 先形成形容詞最高級，通常是取形容詞根式加上形容詞最高級字尾issimus a um。別忘了，還有difficillimus（最困難的）和 pulcherrimus（最漂亮的）等例外字。2. 取形容詞最高級根式，加上 “e”， 形成副詞最高級。因之，clarissimus（最清楚的）變成 clarissime（最清楚地）；difficillimus（最困難的）變成difficillime（最困難地）。
When ever you see the Latin word “quam” before the ablative, you want to translate the adverb thus: quam pulcherrime = as beautiful as possible; quam clarissime = as clear as possible. The one exception is “quam primo” which means as soon as possible. Here are some of the irregular adverbs.
拉丁字 “quam” 置於從格之前，則依下列方式翻譯：quam pulcherrime = as beautiful as possible（說有多美就有多美）; quam clarissime = as clear as possible（儘可能清楚；說有多清楚就有多清楚）。唯一的例外是“quam primo”，意為 “as soon as possible”（ 儘快）。以下為一些不規則變化副詞。
Base or Positive 原級 Comparative 比較級 Superlative 最高級
1. longe (far) longius (farther) longissimus (farthest)
2. libere (freely) liberius (more free) liberrime (most free)
3. facile (easily) facilius (more easily) facillime (most easily)
4. bene (well) melius (better) optime (best)
5. male (badly) peius (worse) pessime (worst)
6. multum (much) plus (more) plurimum (most)
7. magnopere (greatly) magis (more) maxime (most)
8 parum (small) minus (less) minime (least)
Now for some information about the irregular verbs Volo, nolo malo. Let’s look at Volo first.
1. Volo has no passive
2. there is no future active infinitive
3. there are no participles or imperatives
4. The perfect stem is regular
5. The imperfect subjunctive follows the pattern to be formed.
6. Volo also takes a complimentary infinitive to complete its thought.
Nolo and Malo also take complimentary infinitives to complete their thought. However, Nolo is also important because it is used to make a negative command.
再來是不規則動詞 “Volo, nolo malo”。先認識有關 “volo” 的一些概念。
1. “volo” 沒有被動式。
2. “volo” 沒有未來主動不定詞。
3. “volo” 沒有分詞或命令式。
4. “volo” 的完成式為規則變化。
5. “volo” 的假設語氣未完成式依照規則變化。
6. “volo” 後加不定詞補語以補足意思。
“Nolo” 和 “Malo” 後亦加不定詞補語以補足意思。“Nolo” 亦用來造成否定命令句。
Positive Command: Go Home. Domum I.
Negative Command: Don’t go home. Noli ire domum. You use Noli or Nolite + the infinitive of the verb you wish to use. You translate NOLI or NOLITE as DON’T and the infinitive as in this case as just GO. So you have Don’t Go.
例：肯定命令句：Go Home. Domum I.（回家。）
否定命令句：Don’t go home. Noli ire domum.（不要回家。）
句型：NOLI 或 NOLITE加不定詞，NOLI 和NOLITE譯為「不」。
This finally takes us to the Proviso Clauses. If a subordinate clause is introduced by the Latin word dummodo, meaning provided that, or so long as plus the subjunctive mood, then you have what is called a proviso clause. To make it negative, use “ne”.
E.G. I will fight the enemy as long as you are here. Hostem pugnabo dummodo hic remaneas.
I will fight the enemy as long as you do not leave. Hostem pugnabo ne exeas.
最後來看表前提的子句。拉丁文的附屬子句如果用拉丁字 “dummodo”（ provided that或so long as；假設，只要）開頭，後加假設語氣，此類句子謂之表前提的子句。如果要造成表示否定的前提子句則用“ne”。
例：拉丁句：Hostem pugnabo dummodo hic remaneas.
英譯：I will fight the enemy as long as you are here.
中譯：只要你在這裡，我就對抗敵人。
例：拉丁句：Hostem pugnabo ne exeas.
英譯：I will fight the enemy as long as you do not leave.
中譯：只要你在這裡，我將（在此）抗敵。
Now let’s return to our text.