《第三十四章》deponent verbs 被動形主動義的動詞

Now we want to look at what are called deponent verbs.  Deponent verbs are verbs which, in Latin, only have a passive form.  However, in English, we translate them as if they were active.

被動形主動義的動詞只有被動形式，但翻譯時要譯成主動義。

When learning the verb, notice that they only have three parts instead of the customary four parts.  There is the first person passive, the passive infinitive, and the perfect passive.  Certain deponents are commonly used while others are used sparingly.  The saving feature of deponent verbs is that there are not too many.  Here is a list of the commonly used deponent verbs in Latin.

學習這種動詞時，注意只有三個主要部份，而非四個主要部份。三個主要部份為：第一人稱被動、不定式被動、完成式被動。這種動詞有些很常用、有些很少用。幸而這種動詞不太多，以下是常用的幾個：

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum      to judge or think           判斷、思考、認為

conor, conari, conatus sum                   to try                             嘗試

egredior, egredi, egressum sum            to go out                       出外

horto, hortari, hortatus sum                 to encourage                 鼓勵

loquor, loqui, locutus sum                     to speak                        說話

morior, mori, mortuus sum                   to die                            死

nascor, nasci, natus sum                         to be born                    出生

patior, pati, passus sum                          to permit                      允許

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum    to set out                      出發

sequor, sequi, secutus sum                     to follow                       跟隨

utor, uti, usus sum                                   to use or enjoy             使用、享用

There is also a group of verbs known as the semi deponent verb.  These verbs are fewer in number than the deponents.  They are active in the present, imperfect and future tenses. But they are passive in the perfect tenses.  If for some reason you needed a passive form of a deponent verb, you would have to select a different verb in Latin to express the same idea.

另外有種動詞稱為半被動形主動義的動詞 (semi deponent verbs)。這些動詞比被動形主動義的動詞為數更少。這種動詞的現在式、未完成式、未來式為主動形，但是完成時式則為被動形。如果要表達被動形主動義動詞的被動意義，必須選用別的動詞。

As an aside, there are a few deponent verbs which use an ablative to express an idea.  It is strictly a Latin idiom.  One such verb is utor to enjoy.  Literally one would say something like this.  One benefits oneself by using a pencil.   Now these are very rare and only a few deponents have this construction.  The chances of you seeing such a construction is very rare.  But it does exist.  Therefore I wanted you to be aware of the fact just in case you came across such an idiom.

此外有一點補充：有些被動形主動義的動詞和從格連用，這純粹是拉丁文的習用語。utor (to use or enjoy 使用、享用) 就是一例。從字面上來說是One benefits oneself by using a pencil. （某人藉使用鉛筆而受益）。只有少數被動形主動義的動詞採用這種句構，因此碰到的機會不多，但這種句構確實存在，在此提出，以便見到時能夠辨識理解。

Let’s return to our book.